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Long time did not come, busy. Oh and also leave a very happy Happy Mid-Autumn Festival family reunion, TO you to me. .


Photographic device.


That digital camera, I have to mention is the heart of digital cameras - sensitive components. Compared with traditional cameras, traditional cameras, "film" as a record of the information carrier, while the digital camera's "film" is the imaging light-sensitive components, and is integrated with the camera, is the heart of digital cameras. Photoreceptor is the core of digital cameras is the most critical technologies. The development path of digital cameras, can be said that the light-sensing device development.The core of the current digital camera imaging has two parts: one is the extensive use of CCD (charge-coupled) component and a CMOS (complementary metal oxide superconductors) devices.


Sensitive component works. .


Charge for image sensor CCD Ouheqi (Charge Coupled Device), it uses a high speed of semiconductor material, to bring light into the charge, by ADC chip into a digital signal, digital signal is compressed by the camera's internal flash memory or the card to save internal hard drive, so you can easily make data transmission for the computer, and with the help of computer processing means, depending on your needs and imagination to modify images. CCD consists of many PC units, usually expressed in millions of pixels. When the CCD surface by light irradiation, each light-sensitive charge will be reflected in the component units, all of the signals generated by photosensitive units together, constitute a complete picture. .


CCD and traditional film compared to CCD closer to the human eye on Visual work. However, the human eye's retina is responsible for the light intensity of induction of rod cells and cone cells in the induction of color, composition of Visual sensors Division. CCD after 35 years of development, the approximate shape and modalities have been finalized. CCD consists primarily of a similar mosaic piece of mesh, as well as the pad to the condenser is the lowest one electronic circuit matrix. Currently the company has the capacity to produce CCD were: SONY, Philps, Kodak, Matsushita, Fuji, and Sharp, most of the Japanese manufacturers. .


Complementary metal oxide semiconductor CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) and just as in CCD digital cameras can record light variation of semiconductors. CMOS fabrication technique and general computer chip no difference, mainly using silicon and germanium, these two elements are made of semiconductor to coexist on a CMOS with N (with – electric) and P (with + electricity) level of semiconductor, these two complementary effect arising from the current record can be processed into chips and interpretation of the image. However, CMOS defect is too prone to noises, mainly because of the early design to CMOS image in dealing with rapid change, due to current changes are too frequent and cause overheating. .


Two kinds of photosensitive elements of difference.


Sensitive components from the two works can be seen, CCD imaging quality advantages of good, but because of complex manufacturing processes, only a few vendors able to master, resulting in high manufacturing costs, especially for large CCD, the price is very high. Meanwhile, the past few years, CCD 300 000 pixels from the beginning, has been developed to 600 million pixels of the increase has reached a limit. .


In the same resolution, the price is cheaper than CCD CMOS, for CMOS device produced by the image quality is low compared to CCD. So far, the vast majority of consumption levels and high-end digital cameras use CCD as sensors; CMOS sensor as a low-end products applied to the number of the camera, and if so what the camera manufacturers use CCD camera and want to head, manufacturers will spare no effort to it as a selling point of the campaign, or even to the name of "digital camera". For a time, whether the CCD sensor into a digital camera grades to judge people in the world. .


CMOS image sensors is one of the advantages of power consumption compared to CCD, CCD to deliver superior image quality, the price is relatively high power consumption, in order to make the charge transport smoothly, noise reduction, you do so at the high differential pressure to improve transmission efficiency. However, CMOS image sensors each picture in charge is converted into a voltage, read prior to enlarge it, using the 3 .3V power supply available., drivers, power consumption is lower than the CCD. Another advantage of CMOS image sensors, integrated with peripheral circuits high ADC and the signal processor can be integrated so that the volume significantly reduced, for example, CMOS image sensors only a power supply, CCD it takes three or four group power, as ADC and signal processor and CCD process is different to reduce the size of CCD package is very difficult. CMOS image sensors but the key problem is to reduce noise generation, the future of CMOS image sensor is CCD can be changed has long been the fate of repression, future technology development is key. .


Impact factor of photosensitive elements.


For digital camera, the image sensitive imaging devices are two main factors: First, the area of photosensitive elements; second photosensitive element color depth. .


The larger the photosensitive components area larger than the same image can record more image details, the interference between the pixels, the image quality is better. However, as the compact digital cameras to fashion direction, photosensitive components area can only be getting smaller and smaller.


In addition to size, the light-sensitive component is another important indicator is the color depth, that is, color spaces, that is, the number of bits used to record the binary number of three primary colors. Non-professional digital camera's photo sensor usually is 24-bit, high sampling points is 30, while the record is still 24-bit, professional digital camera imaging device is at least 36, and is said to already have 48 the CCD.For 24-bit devices, photoconductor unit can record light transmission and perfectly improves the brightness value with a maximum of 2 ^ 8 = 256 levels, each one of the primary colors with an 8-bit binary number to represent the maximum number of recording color is about 16 256x256x256, 77 million. For 36-bit device, photosensitive cells can record light transmission and perfectly improves the brightness value with a maximum of 2 ^ 12 = 4096 levels, each one of the primary colors with a 12-bit binary number, the maximum number of recording color is about 68.4096x4096x4096 .7 billion. For example, if a Pi Sheti, the brightness of the brightest part of the most secret parts of the brightness of 400 times, using 24 light-sensitive devices with digital cameras to photograph, and if part by low light exposure, the intensity was higher than all 256 prepare the site, are overexposed, level loss, the formation of bright spots, if the position came under high light exposure, the brightness of the following parts of a total lack of exposure, if using the 36 with the photosensitive element of professional digital cameras, they will not have such a problem. .


Development of photosensitive elements.


CCD in 1969 by the United States developed out of Bell Lab. Into the 80's, CCD image sensor though flawed, because the research has finally been overcome difficulties in the latter half of the 80's to create high-resolution and high-quality CCD. To create 90 megapixels of high resolution CCD, this time the development of CCD is leaps and bounds, calculate CCD development so far has more than 20 years in a row. Into the mid-90s, CCD technology has been rapid development while, CCD unit area is also diminishing.But in order to reduce the CCD area at the same time improve the image quality of the image, SONY and 1989 developed SUPER HAD CCD, this new PC components are in CCD area reduced circumstances, rely on the internal CCD component amplifier magnification enhance image quality. After the NEW STRUCTURE have appeared, CCD EXVIEW HAD CCD, four color filter (designed for SONY F828 applies). Fuji digital camera is used Super CCD (Super CCD), Super CCD SR. .


For CMOS, mass production with ease, and speed, lower cost, will be the digital camera key device development direction. At present, companies such as the CANON of the new CMOS devices, high dynamic range CMOS devices have emerged, this technology eliminates the shutter, Aperture, automatic gain control and gamma correction required to close a CCD imaging quality. As CMOS inherent plasticity, you can make a large high-megapixel CMOS sensor and the cost is not increased. Compared with the stagnation of CCD, CMOS, as new things and show a vibrant and robust. As a core component of the digital camera, CMOS photoreceptors has been gradually replaced with CCD, the trends and have hope in the near future into the mainstream photoreceptor. .


Optical zoom.


English name for the optical zoom Optical Zoom, Digital Camera to rely on the structure to achieve the zoom lenses. Optical zoom digital camera with the traditional 35mm camera mode is almost, that is moving through the lens to zoom in and need to take in the scenery, the greater the optical zoom and can shoot the scene the more distant. .


When buying a digital camera that many users would ask, what is the digital zoom, what is an optical zoom, the following, we explain with icon.


Through the lens optical zoom, the location of objects and change the focus of three-generated. When the imaging surface when in the horizontal direction of movement, as illustrated, vision and focus will change, beyond the scenery becomes more clear, people feel like objects, progressive feel. .


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Clearly, there must be two ways to change the perspective, one is to change the lens focal length. With photography, then, this is the optical zoom. Zoom in by changing the relative position of the lens to change focal length lens. Another is to change the size of the image plane, that is the diagonal length of the image plane in the current digital photography, which is called digital zoom. In fact digital zoom lens focal length does not change, just by changing the image plane to change the angle of the diagonal angle, resulting in the "equivalent" focal length lens effect. .


So we see that some of the longer lens, digital cameras and lenses within the mobile space, the photoreceptor greater the zoom factor. We see that some slim digital camera, no optical zoom because its root is not allowed within the fuselage of photographic devices like mobile, Sony F828, Fuji S7000 these "narration" digital camera, optical zoom up to 5 or 6 times.


Today's digital camera optical zoom 2x -5 times mostly in between, you can bring objects closer than 10 meters to 5-3 meters in the past; some digital cameras with 10 times optical zoom effect. Home video camera's optical zoom of 10 times to 22 times, can be photographed more clearly what 70 meters. Use multiplier lens can increase the camera's optical zoom.If the optical zoom ratio is not enough, we can add one by Barlow, its calculation method, a 2 x increase in distance, set in a 4 x optical zoom digital camera, the camera's optical zoom factor from the original 1 x, 2 x, 3 x, 4 x to 2 x, 4 x, 6 x and 8 x, that is, to a multiple of the distance from lens and the optical zoom ratio from multiplying.


CCD size. .


When it comes to the size of the CCD, the photosensitive device size, this includes CCD and CMOS. Photosensitive device size, the larger CCD/CMOS area, capture photons, the more the better photographic performance, lower signal to noise ratio. CCD/CMOS is a digital camera to PC Imaging optical parts, equivalent to traditional film camera.


CCD sensitive components on the surface of the charge storage capacity, and form a matrix arrangement. When the surface feel the light, the charge will be reflected in the components, the CCD light-sensitive components of all the signals generated, they form a complete picture. .


If decomposition CCD, you will find the structure of the CCD is three floors, the first layer is the "micro-lens", the second layer is the "color filter", as well as third-tier "photosensitive layer".


The first layer of "micro-lens." .


We know that the key to digital camera imaging is the photosensitive layer, with a view to extending the lighting ratio CCD, must extend a single pixel of the area affected by light. But improving lighting rate approach is also easy to make the picture down. This layer "micro-lens" is equivalent to the photosensitive layer with a pair of glasses. Therefore the PC area no longer because the sensor's decision to open area of the surface area of micro-lenses to decide.


The second is the "color separation filter." .


CCD's second-tier "of color separations," there are two types of separations, RGB primary color is a colour separation method and the other is the complementary color CMYK separations of both of these methods has advantages and disadvantages. First of all, the two concepts of colour separation method, RGB or RGB colour separation method, almost all human glasses can be recognized by color, red, green, and blue to composition, and three letters of the respective RGB is Red, Green and Blue, which explains the RGB colour separation method is passed the three channels of the color adjustment. Moreover CMYK, which is made with four-channel color, they are blue (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y), black (K). In the printing industry, CMYK more applicable, but not as RGB color adjustment out of the many. .


The advantage of color CCD picture sharpness, color-true, but the disadvantage is the noise problem. Therefore, we can note that generally use color CCD digital cameras, most in the ISO speed does not exceed 400. In contrast, a complementary color CCD Y of yellow color filter, in the color resolution on carefully, but at the expense of some image resolution, ISO value, complementary color CCD can tolerate a higher speed, generally can be set in the more than 800.


The third layer: light-sensitive layer. .


CCD's third tier is a "photographic film", this layer is responsible for filtering layer will wear the light source is converted into an electronic signal and the signal is transmitted to the imaging chip, it will restore the image.


The traditional camera film size 35mm, 35mm for the diagonal length, 35mm film of the photosensitive area of 36 x 24mm. Conversion to digital cameras, diagonal length of around 35mm of, CCD / CMOS size larger. In the SLR digital cameras, many have close to 35mm of CCD / CMOS size, such as Ni Kangde D100, CCD / CMOS size area of 23. .7 X 15. .6, compared to the consumer-level digital cameras to a much larger, but Canon's CMOS EOS-1Ds dimensions 36 x 24mm, reached 35 area, so the image is relatively good.


Now the market's consumer digital cameras are mainly 2 / 3 inch, 1 / 1. .8 Inch, 1 / 2. .7-Inch, 1 / 3. .2 Inches of four. CCD / CMOS size increases, the greater the light-sensitive area, the better image. 1 / 1. .8 Inch of the 3 million-pixel camera, the effect is better than 1 / 2. .7-Inch 400-megapixel camera (which the photosensitive area of only 55% of the former). The same size CCD / CMOS pixel increase is certainly a good thing, but this can lead to a single pixel of the photosensitive area is reduced, there may be underexposed.But if you increase the CCD/CMOS pixel while trying to maintain the existing image quality, it must be at least a single pixel area does not reduce the increase on the basis of the total area of CCD/CMOS. Now larger CCD/CMOS processing difficult, costs are very high. Therefore, the CCD/CMOS camera to a larger size, the price is quite high. The size of the photosensitive device has a direct impact on the digital camera. Ultra-thin, ultra-light digital camera CCD/CMOS general size smaller, and more professional digital camera, CCD/CMOS dimensions is also bigger.


What is the exposure compensation. .


Exposure compensation is also a kind of exposure control, usually common in ± 2-3EV around, if the ambient light can increase Dim, the exposure value (such as adjusting the as + 1EV, + 2EV) to highlight the sharpness of the picture.


Digital cameras in the filming, if you press half shutter, LCD screen display and the ultimate effect will be similar map images, focus, exposure all started. The exposure time is the ultimate picture of exposure. Picture if the apparent bias or Pianan light, indicating the camera's automatic metering accuracy of a large deviation, to force exposure compensation, but sometimes when shooting display brightness and is different from the actual shooting results. Digital camera can view images immediately after shooting, this time, you can more accurately see the shot out of the picture brightness level will not differ.If shooting results clearly biased bright or Dim, it must be taken to force the exposure compensation.


Shooting environment is dark, need to increase the brightness, while the flash can not work, it can compensate on the exposure, due to increase exposure. Exposure compensation for the time, if the photos are too dark, to increase the EV value, EV value increased by 1. .0, Equivalent to double the amount of light exposure, if the picture is too bright, to reduce the EV value, EV value 1 for every reduced. .0, Equivalent to double the intake decreases the amount of light. Compensation according to different camera interval can be 1 / 2 (0. .5) Or 1 / 3 (0. .3) Of the unit to adjust. .


Shot in a white object in the photo looks grey or white enough, to increase exposure, that is, the more the more "white", which seem to be related to the exposure of the basic principles and habits goes, this is because the camera metering is often the main focus of the Centre, the white body makes the camera that is very bright, and underexposed, and this is the most common beginner mistakes.


To the following two pictures, for example, the above is the exposure compensation when the shot is equal to 0, which is equal to +1 when photographed, shows significant differences. .


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Due to the camera's shutter or aperture size is limited, so it is not always able to reach the adjustment range, 2EV exposure compensation is not a panacea, too dark environment may still be underexposed, at this point to consider with Flash or to increase the ISO sensitivity of the camera to increase the brightness of the screen.


Almost all of the digital camera's exposure compensation range is the same, plus or minus 2EV in in addition, subtraction, but subtraction is not continuous, but in 1/2EV or 1/3EV intervals leap. Early old Kodak DC215 digital camera such as the interval is to 1/2EV, so there is -2. .0, -1. .5, -1, -0. .5 And +0. .5, +1, +1. .5, +2 A total of 8 grades, and the current mainstream of digital camera sub-file to even more carefully, the interval is 1/3EV, so there is -2. .0, -1. .7,-1,-1.0 .0,-.-0.7, .3 and + 0. .3, + 0.1. .7, +, + 1 .0. .3, + 1.2. .7, + 12, .0 levels of compensation.


In general, the smaller the scene brightness contrast, the more accurate exposure, and vice versa deviation increase. Camera with high and low grade, high grade, relatively accurate metering, lower the bias will increase. If a traditional camera, film of tolerance is the relatively large exposure within a certain range of deviation will not have a big problem, but the digital camera CCD tolerance relatively small, minor deviations may affect the overall exposure effect. .


All in all, the exposure compensation adjustment experience plus color acuity, user must have to compare the different exposure compensation of picture quality, clarity, reliability and noise reduction, in order to take the best pictures.


Aperture range is. .


The English name is IRIS Aperture, Aperture is used to control the light through the lens into the fuselage in the amount of light sensitive surface of the appliance, it is usually in the lens. We usually say aperture value F2. .8, F8, F16, etc. is Aperture "factor" is a relative aperture, not physical diameter of the aperture, and the aperture of the lens aperture and physics to photosensitive device (film or CCD or CMOS) distance-related.


We express aperture F value is used. Aperture F = lens focal length / diameter of lens aperture can see from the above formula to achieve the same aperture F value, long-focal length lens aperture short focal length lens than the caliber. .


When physical aperture does not change the aperture, the lens Center and photosensitive device distance far smaller F number, on the contrary, the lens Center and photosensitive device nearer the hole through the light reaches the photosensitive devices optical density, the higher the number, F. Full aperture value series are as follows: F1, F1, F2, .4. F2. .8, F4, F5, F8, .6. F11 and F22, F16, F32, F44, F64.


It should be a question aperture F value is smaller, at the same time period by the amount of light will get into, but the amount of light on the level into the next level just twice, for example, adjust the aperture from F8 to F5. .6, Then the amount of light into the double, we say that a big aperture to open. Most non-professional digital cameras with short focal length lens, the physical diameter is small, F8 when the aperture has a small physical aperture, and will continue to reduce the occurrence of optical phenomena like diffraction and affect imaging.Therefore, the General non-professional digital camera is the smallest aperture F8 to F11, and professional digital camera PC devices, the lens from the photographic devices distance, aperture value can be very small. For consumer digital cameras, the aperture F values often between F2. .8-F16. In addition many digital cameras to adjust aperture, you can make 1/3-level adjustment.


Stabilization performance. .


New to digital cameras often have such confusion, that is, the camera picture is not clear enough, always occur ghosting or fuzzy. Among the reasons, apart from the occasional loss of focus (that is, the camera is focusing), largely because of the shutter speed is too low. In General, a handheld, shooting to clear photos of shutter speed should reach the focal length of the countdown or even higher. Here is a simple example: Canon A75 lens equivalent focal length is 35mm-105mm, then the wide angle end, the shutter speed should be maintained at least 1 / 40 seconds to ensure that photographs are more clear, and in the telephoto end, the shutter speed should be of 1 / 125 sec Caixing. And if the scene lighting conditions can not meet this requirement, then take a clear picture would not be so simple a thing.It is conceivable that those 10 x optical zoom of the product, the anti-shake technology is more necessary because these products often reach the telephoto 370MM above, therefore, the shutter speed to 1/400 sec or more is considered qualified, otherwise it will just have to look far to sigh.


Actually, in the actual filming of the photographer's hand in the film or CCD / CMOS jitter photographic process is an objective reality, the defense is Fangbu Zhu, and can only be reduced by a special body to shake hands because the photographer with to the image fuzzy. Stabilization, so far, divided into three categories: optical image stabilization, electronic image stabilization, and photoreceptors (CCD) image stabilization. Now launched the feature with optical image stabilization with digital camera manufacturers: Canon, Nikon, Olympus, Konica Minolta, Panasonic, and Sigma. .


Anti-shake benefits in certain shutter, anti-shake technology can be a very good solution to the problem, the little trembling DC on the anti-shake is particularly important for the uninitiated, so that they can get a more clear picture. However, at the same time, the anti-shake technology may result in image sharpness. After all, shot a floating lenses. This is a demanding photographers, it is not good, so this is why all the anti-shake system will have a switch, users can choose to cancel or open a tad better. With Shake Reduction system is very power-hungry, so I generally do not open the Shake Reduction switch, but use only when open. .


What is the white balance adjustment.


White English name for the White Balance. Objects for projecting color light color be changed, in different situations of light shooting out of the photos have different color temperature. Such as tungsten (light bulb) lighting of the environment, shoot the photos may be yellowish, in general, CCD is not the same way as the human eye correction automatically light changes. Here are some pictures, it shows the different colors under different light images. .


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This picture shows the primary color chart. .


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This picture shows the use of white balance in the normal light image. .


The first picture with natural light, after the imposition of white balance, image blue. If the light beneath the picture with the white balance, tone will revert to the original state, the white balance according to the current image in portrait, immediately resize the entire image red-green-blue color intensity, to fix the external light caused by the error. Some cameras in addition to the design of the automatic white balance or a specific color white balance function, also offers a manual white balance adjustment.


No matter how the balance is ambient light, so that digital cameras default "white", is to make them able to recognize white, while the balance other colors in the color tone under the light. Color is essentially the interpretation of light, under normal light, what appears to be white color under the light in the dark looks may not be the white, still under fluorescent "white" is also "non-white." For all this if we can adjust the white balance, you get the picture in the correct order can be "white" as the color to restore the other colors. Now most of the commercial-grade digital cameras offer white balance adjustment function.As previously mentioned White balance with the surrounding light is closely related and, therefore, start the white balance function is used when the Flash is restricted, or ambient light changes will make the white balance fails or interfere with the normal white balance. General white balance mode, there are many different scenarios, such as auto white balance, tungsten light, white balance, indoor fluorescent white balance, white balance, manual adjustment.


Auto White Balance:. .


Auto white balance is usually the default setting for a digital camera, the camera has a rectangular structure complex, it can determine the screen white balance reference point, in order to achieve the white balance adjustment. The accuracy of the automatic white balance is very high, but the light filming poor and in cloudy weather, many auto white balance systems, it can result in blue.


Tungsten light White Balance. .


Auto white balance is usually the default setting for a digital camera, the camera has a rectangular structure complex, it can determine the screen white balance reference point, in order to achieve the white balance adjustment. The accuracy of the automatic white balance is very high, but the light filming poor and in cloudy weather, many auto white balance systems, it can result in blue.


Fluorescent white balance. .


Suitable for fluorescent white balance adjustment made because the fluorescence there are many kinds of types, such as cold white and warm white, and therefore some of the camera is not only a fluorescent white balance adjustment. All use of fluorescent lamps is different, thus "fluorescent" setting is not the same, the photographer must determine what kind of lighting is the "fluorescent" so that the camera to the best of white balance settings. In all settings, "fluorescent" setting is the most difficult decisions, for example, some offices and schools use a variety of fluorescent type combination, "fluorescent" setting is very difficult to deal with, the best way is to "take".


Indoor white balance. .


Indoor white balance or cloudy, cloudy white balance for light at the dark adjustment reset state primaries. Not all digital cameras have this white balance setting, generally speaking, the white balance systems in outdoor situations in optimal condition, without the need for these settings. However, some manufacturers in the camera adds these special white balance settings, use the white balance according to the camera.


Manual adjustment. .


The white balance in different places have different names, they describe some common light cases of white balance settings. In General, users need to give the camera pointed out that the white balance reference point, which is the screen which "white" objects as a white spot. But the question is what is "white", for example, white will be different in different white, some white some may be slightly yellowish, and some white may be slightly biased white, and light will influence our "white" color, then How to determine the "true white"? One way to solve this problem is to carry a standard white paper, shooting out more about Pi Sheti on the line. This method is very effective, it is difficult to determine in the indoor shooting this setting, may wish to "reference" White Set White Balance. In the absence of white, let the camera eye that is aligned to adjust the white objects. .


Battery type.


Digital cameras need to maintain the normal operation of the battery. In general, a digital camera can be used dry batteries, alkaline manganese batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium ion batteries and lithium batteries as its power source. .


Alkaline zinc-manganese batteries.


This battery is very easy to buy in the market, get the 5th battery, without their special materials and technological transformation, digital cameras use the battery more than the bottom of the product. Because the market wide, so you need not worry about the price of this battery, but also because of technical general, the power supply and staying power far greater than compare several other battery. Sometimes not enough to bring his digital camera, electric start, and even digital cameras will have an impact. .


Nickel-metal hydride batteries.


This battery is an early alternative to nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries compared to Ni-MH battery has a more noticeable advantage. It greatly reduces the existing nickel-cadmium battery "memory effect", which makes Ni-MH battery is more convenient, more long cycle life (up to 1000). In addition, the NiMH battery also has a high capacitance, large depth of discharge, overcharge and over discharge, charging time is short so obvious advantages. The most important thing is not to use nickel-hydrogen battery of toxic heavy metals as a material that can eliminate its impact on the environment.At the same time, the electrical properties of nickel-cadmium batteries similar in practical application of nickel-cadmium batteries can be replaced without the need to make any modification of the camera.


Of course, Ni-MH batteries are not perfect, it also has some shortcomings. Its relatively poor high temperature properties, high temperature of 45 degrees Celsius and 0 degrees Celsius under the low temperature, Ni-MH batteries will not work, or even impossible to start the camera; In addition, the battery self-discharge rate is quite high , the storage period of time will find it significantly reduced power; there is a nickel-hydrogen battery is there are slight memory effect. .


Lithium battery.


Lithium ion battery prices higher, but it is light weight, large capacity, energy density advantages, compared with the nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium ion batteries are relatively portable, but the energy is higher than 60%. Because of this, lithium-ion battery production and sales are increasingly more than nickel-metal hydride batteries, a digital camera is one of the main use of the battery. In addition, the lithium-ion battery is almost no "memory effect" and the advantages of non-toxic substances is also an important reason for its widespread application. .


Lithium-ion batteries and lithium battery of the State of technology, performance is better, the price is only slightly higher, use fastidious, complex, especially lithium-ion battery charger must be "private", it cannot be used with other battery charger compatible. Alkaline zinc-manganese batteries, although the price is low, the consumer can afford, but his short life, long-term use for ordinary consumers are difficult to bear the costs. In contrast, Ni-MH batteries NI-CD batteries, is now in manufacturing technology is more mature, more reasonable battery.


If you are using does not match or do not pay attention to save the battery, the battery will take a few photos in when you do not run out. The following approach can save battery usage: first, to avoid using unnecessary zoom operation; second, to avoid the frequent use of flash, flash is a big power, we try to avoid using; Third, to adjust better to use the viewfinder when the picture composition device, and do not use the LCD. Because most digital cameras are due to open the LCD viewfinder and consume more power, turn it off can increase two to three times the battery standby time; Fourth, minimize the use of multi-shot.Digital camera's continuous shooting function built-in utilization fuselage mostly cache to temporarily save your digital photos. If you frequently use the cache, the required power very much. Therefore, reducing the use of continuous and dynamic image movie, saving much help.


What is the shutter speed. .


Shutter speed is digital camera shutter key inspection parameters, all of the different types of digital camera's shutter speed is completely different, so use a camera to shoot the scene, we must first understand its shutter speeds, because the press shutter shutter only considered the startup time and master the shutter release time, in order to capture the vivid screen.


Usually most common digital camera shutter 1 / 1000 seconds, essentially to meet most of the day to day shooting. Shutter not look "fast" depends on "slow" is the shutter delay, such as some digital cameras with up to 16 seconds of the shutter, used to shoot night is enough, but the shutter is too long will increase digital photos " noise ", that is, hybrid striped photo will appear. In addition, apart from the mainstream of digital camera has an automatic shooting mode, aperture priority mode also must have, shutter priority mode.Aperture priority mode is determined by the user, and then on the size of the aperture and the camera according to the ambient light and exposure settings, and so calculated the amount of light entering, which is more suitable, according to static objects. While the shutter priority mode, the user decides to shutter speed, and digital cameras based on the environment, the calculated the appropriate aperture. Therefore, shutter priority mode is more suitable for shooting moving objects, especially digital camera is very sensitive to vibration, exposure process even slightly shaky camera will produce blurred photos, practical long focal length, this situation is more obvious. In the purchase of digital camera, you'd better buy the models with these types of models to ensure the capture effect. .


As for SLR cameras with common B shutter function, although you may freely determine the length of exposure time, shooting higher flexibility, but most of the consumer digital cameras are also unable to provide support for up to 2 seconds, 8 seconds, 16 seconds, slow speed, the default value.


Digital zoom. .


Digital zoom is also known as digital zoom, the English name for Digital Zoom, digital zoom is digital camera processor inside, put a picture of each pixel of the area, so as to achieve magnification purposes. Such practices as using image processing software to change the size of the picture, however the program within the digital camera, and put the first CCD image sensors on the part of the "using" pixel interpolation means do zoom, CCD image sensor pixels with interpolation algorithm will screen is enlarged to the whole picture.


With different optical zoom, digital zoom is in the light-sensitive device vertically upward change, but gives a zoom effect. In the sensitive area of the smaller device, then the visual will allow users to only see the local scenery. However, due to no change in focal length, so the image quality is poor compared to normal circumstances. .


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Through the digital zoom, zoom shot scene, but its definition will be decreased to some extent, so the digital zoom is not much practical significance. But Sony's unique "smart digital zoom", it is said that advanced technology can make the image even after the digital zoom to maintain a certain clarity. .


A total zoom digital camera number is calculated as follows: for example Sony F717 optical zoom 5 x digital zoom 2 x, maximum zoom is the number 10 times. Digital cameras digital zoom can generally be turned off. In addition there is a new unique Sony intelligent zoom function, you can zoom in zoom shot, will not make amplification, particle larger images will be in a position to maintain the quality of the original detail. Smart zoom for different image sizes to choose from, offering enhanced zoom functions. Unlike the digital zooming, smart zoom will maintain the same with the original image quality.


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At present, digital cameras, digital zoom 6 times in General, the camera's digital zoom at 44 times-600 times, actually used 40 times is sufficient. Because of the great digital zoom the image, sometimes even as the magnification is too high, but can't tell from the screen. If zoom is not enough, we can front of the camera lens plus a multiplier, calculated in this way, a 2-fold Teleconverters, set in an original with 4x optical zoom digital camera, this digital camera The optical zoom from 1 times 2 times 3 times 4 times into 2 times, 4 times, 6 times and 8 times, that Teleconverter multiple and multiplying the received optical zoom. .


Digital cameras: wide angle lens (1).


Wide-angle lens is a focal length shorter than the standard lens, perspective than the standard lens, fish eye lens from the longer, less than angle fisheye lens photography. Wide-angle lens is divided into ordinary wide-angle lens and ultra-wide angle lens of two. General wide-angle camera lens 135 is generally 38-24 mm focal length, viewing angle is 60-84 degrees; ultra wide-angle lens focal length 20-13 mm, viewing angle is 94-118 degrees. As the short focal length wide-angle lens, great view, a short shooting distance range can be taken to a larger area of interest. .


Digital cameras: wide angle lens (2).


Wide-angle camera in the introduction, first look at the camera's focal length. In fact people are talking about a digital camera focal length digital camera when not talking about the actual focal length, but the equivalent focal length, that is relatively traditional terms of the focal length of 135 cameras. From the photographic principle, the smaller the focal length the wider the view, photos can be accommodated within the more extensive range of features; and the greater focus is more narrow vision, that can be taken to distant objects. .


In a traditional camera, the lens is above 28mm is very popular, but because of the existence of common digital camera photographic devices smaller particularity, in order to achieve a larger wide angle lens with a focal length of physics, requires a very short period, leading to aberration correction, Hyun-coated, etc. As wide-angle shooting, now about $ 3000, cheap digital camera wide-angle type is also becoming increasingly popular. Ricoh household cost-effective portable wide-angle digital camera, "originator", G3/G4 wide from the beginning to the current RX / GX Series, 28mm wide-angle are the main selling point. In addition, Canon, Olympus, Konica Minolta and other camera 28mm wide-angle cameras are also introduced. .


For most of the best-selling in the market, its wide-angle digital camera jiaoduan generally between 35-38mm. And the true wide-angle digital camera is in fact the lens cover 28mm wide-angle products. Because of the wide-angle vision 28mm than digital cameras, 35 mm, the most common 38mm wider, wide-angle 28mm wide-angle vision is 76-degree angle, and 62 ° 35mm only, so you can have a unique visual effect to accommodate wider scenes. This is why consumers are more optimistic about the causes of wide-angle digital camera 28mm. The greatest feature is the wide angle can shoot wide range, with the exaggerated sense of distance, focus has produced a wide range of features. When using wide angle in front of the object can be a longer large, distant objects will shrink smaller and easier to distortion around the image is a major feature of it. Wide angle but also the image of any point is adjusted to the most appropriate focal length, making the screen more clear, it can be called fully automatic focusing. .


Wide-angle digital camera lens is very short, wide angle, depth of field is very deep, is more suitable for shooting large scene photos, such as buildings, landscapes, etc..


Annex. .


When buying a digital camera, provided the necessary accessories, common Accessories: USB cable, AV cable, the included software, user manual, warranty card, batteries and memory cards at random. The following is the introduction of some accessories.


USB data cable. USB data cable is used to connect PC and digital camera equipment. USB full name of Universal Serial Bus, as the primary system with different data transfer between peripherals. USB allows peripherals plug in the boot mode to use, USB is easy to use, high bandwidth, can connect up to 127 peripherals, data transmission stability, and support real-time audio playback and image compression and so on. Currently in the domestic market of USB devices can be seen mainly scanners, digital cameras, printers, hubs, and external storage devices. .


Now USB comes in two models, one for USB1. .1, USB2. .0, two different transmission speeds. Former 12MB speed per second, while the latter up 480MB per second.


AV cable. AV cable is used and the connection between television, digital cameras through the TV screen as the view and observation images. AV is usually composed of a two socket plug for the red audio cable, another for the yellow video cable plug. .


The included software. In order to allow normal operation of digital cameras, manufacturers will be accompanied by the normal digital camera driver and pictures related media software, of different manufacturers the types and quantity of software. General attached software Ulead Cool 360 Explore, Ulead, will shenghuiying. Such as a digital camera can be used as camera use, but also comes with the camera software. Compare the top software companies will be accompanied by youli PhotoImpact.


Manual. Equivalent instructions that guide the user booklet for the use of digital cameras, according to the camera function, a description of the contents are different. For the professional or quasi-professional digital camera, indicating that the content is usually very detailed, but for the consumer and or bottom of the digital camera and the content is relatively small. Manuals generally include several major parts, namely: basic introduction, a full set of accessories, Features, and other tips. .


Warranty card. The warranty card is the guarantee of product quality, but also the product of the "id". Only from normal channels import or manufacture of digital cameras have a warranty card, smuggling, which is commonly known as "parallel". Warranty card will normally be marked on the camera model, the camera number (each digital camera there is only one number, fuselage and warranty card number should be a one-to-one correspondence, you can call the number of digital cameras), and the time of purchase and warranty period, warranty and telephone, the most important thing is to have manufacturers ' signature or seal. If you do not trust to buy time, you can repair shop with a product to verify, or check whether the machine phone number. .


Battery. Battery is sent along with a digital camera are brand battery, can be divided into, one-time batteries, rechargeable batteries and lithium. Ordinary batteries are not durable, so users must buy accessories, rechargeable batteries and lithium batteries can recharge, but the number is limited and you want to charge, on a digital camera at random and the battery has a certain influence, it is recommended or optional sitting charger.


Memory card. The supplied memory card, not the general capacity, so users have the need to buy another. Such as digital cameras support different types of memory cards, vendors will be accompanied by a kind. .


Lens performance.


Digital camera lens formed by a multi-piece lenses, glass and plastic materials are divided into two categories. If the digital camera lens to glass materials, many users and businesses have said good transmittance glass lens, projecting the image more clearly. However, many current test reports have shown that glass lenses are not necessarily better than the plastic materials can bring a clear image, while glass lenses are also likely to increase the weight of the camera, so when purchasing, or should have done more for observation, not rigidly stick to the lens material issues. .


We'll look at the camera and photographic devices display location. As shown in the following figure, from right to left from the lens Assembly, lens, electronic shutter, lens Group 1, group 2, as well as CCD lens. Of images is along this road on the CCD imaging. Components of focal length adjustment system and shutter system is composed of lens Group 1 and electronic shutter, the two are connected together. Driven by the motor, the lens Group 1 and electronic shutter can move back and forth, focal length adjustment, in order to get the most explicit images from electronic shutter control exposure. Multiple optical imaging lens is completed, and the last of CCD optical signals can be converted to electrical signals. .


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If your specifications in the camera and read the English "f =", then followed by his number is that it is usually the focal length of the focal length.如 "f = 8-24mm ,38-115mm (equivalent to 35mm traditional camera)" means this camera's focal length is 8-24mm, while the perspective of the diagonal when compared with traditional 35mm camera conversion of 38-115mm focal length.In General, 35mm camera standard lens is about 28-jiaochang 70mm jiaochang above, so if you represent a long-term 70mm support, if it is lower than the indicated the wide-angle 28mm shooting ability.


Camera lens focal length is the lens a very important indicator. The length of the lens focal length determines the object being shot in the imaging medium (film or CCD, etc.) on the image size, that is equivalent to matter and as the scale. When the same distance on the same goal of being shot when shooting long focal length lens as the percent of large, the short focal length lens into a small elephant. According to different purposes, the camera lens focal length difference is very large, with short to a few millimeters, ten millimeters, there are up to a few meters.There are more common, 15mm 8mm, 24mm, 28mm, 35mm, 50mm, 85mm, 105mm, 135mm, 200mm, 400mm 600mm, 1200mm, and so on, then 2500mm long focal telescope head.


Equivalent 35mm camera focal length. .


Current digital camera imaging devices area are less than ordinary 135 film (i.e. 35mm film camera) of the area, so the lens is very short, its lens often does not relate to the actual physical focal length, but rather with the perspective that 35 mm (135 domestic) of the camera lens, that is, its "lens angle equivalent to XX".


35mm film size is 36 x 24mm, is what we usually see in the camera museum the most common kind of film, due to the extensive use of 35mm focal length, so it became a ruler, just as we use the meter or kg to the same degree of value for length and weight, 35mm lens of our vision to judge a marked degree. For example, 28mm focal length can be achieved wide angle, 35mm focal length is the standard angle, 50mm lens is closest to the human eye natural perspective, which belongs to super telephoto 380mm lens angle of view, can capture distant scenery. .


Depending on the camera's optical principle, the smaller the angle jiaochang, the greater the angle of view jiaochang, the smaller, which is a traditional camera, digital cameras, and is the same reason. Now the camera jiaochang are mm (millimeters) callout, regardless of what type of camera: 35mm traditional cameras, APS, or digital camera. The lens is the lens jiaochang representative and the distance between the focal plane, to the focal plane can be either the film or sensor. A more precise definition should be "jiaochang tantamount to focus and lens optical distance between centers."


Now digital cameras usually have very short focal length, it is because most digital camera sensors are small, often less than a diagonal length of Britain, in order to in such a small imaging sensor can be sensitive, Therefore, the lens and the distance between the focus on the small side, which is why the digital camera lens focal length values are very small reason. .


But in the equivalent of using a digital camera to show jiaochang 35mm, not people not used to the camera on jiaochang too short, but because each camera on the actual jiaochang often view, for example, are 6-18mm jiaochang scope, but different digital camera on this jiaochang shown results often are not the same. This is due to the use of a digital camera sensor can do.


We take a look at the performance of 3 different CCD effect:. .


With 210 million is the size of CCD 1/2 ".


With 3.3 million pixels CCD size is 1 / 1. .8. .


400 megapixel CCD size is 2/3.


The three diagonal dimension not only of different CCD and the pixel values contained different. Here we need to pay attention to the problem is that the composition of the screen between the pixel and the focal length is not necessarily linked. Many have different pixel digital camera sensors have much in common, such as with the same lens and body design, etc., if these sensors have the same physical dimensions, then their 35mm equivalent focal length would certainly be the same.On the other hand, these digital camera lens for CCD package have the same 8mm jiaochang, such as, but not the size of the CCD, then convert these lens 35mm equivalent jiaochang certainly different. There will certainly be among them is greater than or less than the standard view of Visual field standards.


Therefore, a standard 35mm focal length equivalent to the standard is a simple method, regardless of how the use of the CCD size, so that only the sections of comparability between the digital camera, this is the 35mm equivalent focal length of the origin. .


The maximum number of pixels.


Components are divided into the maximum number of pixels pixels and effective pixels. .


Maximum pixel English name is Maximum Pixels, maximum pixel is obtained by interpolation. Interpolation through the Interior of the DSP chip for digital cameras, you need to enlarge the image when you use the close method of interpolation, linear interpolation methods, such as in the image and add image is enlarged by the need to increase the pixel. After you get the interpolation of the image quality is not able to work with real photographic imaging compared to the image.


In the market, some businesses will be marked "up to XXX pixels by hardware interpolation," which is also the same principle, only in image quality and sensitivity, the maximum pixel resolution as good as pictures taken effective pixels shooting. .


Maximum pixel, also directly refers to the CCD/CMOS sensor device pixels, some businesses in order to increase sales, only advertised maximum pixel digital camera, digital camera sets the picture resolution, it also has shot up by resolution of the picture, however, users should be aware that this is a digital camera the internal operation of the value, and then print the picture, the picture quality of the derogation be very obvious.


English name of effective pixels Effective Pixels. Pixels with the largest difference of effective pixels is really involved in sensitive imaging pixels. The maximum pixel value is the true light-sensitive device pixels, the data typically include non-imaging part of the photosensitive device, and effective pixel is converted under the lens zoom ratio out value. To Minolta's DiMAGE7 example, the CCD pixels 5.24 million (5. .24 Megapixel), because some are not involved in CCD imaging, only 4.9 million effective pixels. .


Digital photo storage normally to pixel (Pixel), each pixel is a digital photo in the area of the smallest units. Pixel, the greater the larger the size of the picture. To increase the size of a picture, if there are no more light into the PC device, the only solution is to increase the size of a pixel, it can affect the intensity and sharpness of the picture sharpness. Therefore, the area in pixels, digital cameras best picture pixel is valid pixels.


Users when they buy a digital camera, usually to see businesses called for "maximum pixels to XXX" and "effective pixels to XXX", then how should the user choose? When choosing a digital camera should focus on the effective pixel digital camera to see how much value the effective pixel picture quality is the key to the decision. Storage media, including what. .


Digital camera image signal is converted to a data file is saved in the magnetic media device or optical recording media. If the host is the computer digital camera, memory card rather than the computer's hard drive. Storage memory in addition to being able to record the image files, you can also record other types of files connected to the computer via USB and became a mobile hard drive. Available in common storage media have a CF card, SD card, SM, memory sticks and small hard drives.


CF card:. .


CF card (Compact Flash) is a 1994 first by SanDisk. CF card has PCMCIA-ATA features and compatible; CF card weighs only 14g, cardboard matches like size (x x 36m 43mm. .3mm m3), is a solid product, also is to work with no moving parts. CF card with Flash (flash) technology, is a kind of stable storage solution does not require a battery to maintain one of the stored data. The data is kept on, CF card than a traditional disk drive security and protection are higher; than conventional disk drives and PC Card Type Ⅲ 5 to 10 times as high reliability, and the CF card, power consumption is only for small disk drives 5%. CF card 3. .3 V to 5V voltage between the work (including 3. .3 V or 5V). Most of these excellent conditions in which the CF card digital camera choose their preferred storage medium for. .


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CF card as the worldwide storage industry standards, ensuring the compatibility of CF products, to ensure backward compatibility with CF card; With the increasingly widespread application of CF card, CF card to manufacturers actively promote the technology, the promotion of a new generation of body Small light weight, low power consumption the introduction of advanced mobile devices, thereby improving efficiency. CFA, based in Canada, Palo Alto, its members have the right to receive a free CF card, CF and CF trademarks technical details.CFA members include 3COM, Canon, Kodak, Hewlett-Packard, Hitachi, IBM, Panasonic, Motorola, NEC, SanDisk, Seiko (Epson) and Socket Communications, and so on more than 120. But the major camera manufacturers production research and development has established a specialized organizations, engaged in CF development.


CF cards have the following disadvantages:. .


1, capacity limited. Although the doubling of capacity, but still miss the pixel digital camera. Current 5 megapixel above products is popular high-end product minimum specifications, and civilian mainstream market reached 3 million pixel level. Ordinary civil JPEG compression format, size, but professional-TIFF (RAW) format file or on some pieces of image data.


2 larger. And compared to other types of memory card, CF card a little too large in size, which limits the use of digital cameras CF card volume, it holds many lessons for most popular ultra-thin digital camera gave up CF card, but use a more compact volume The SD card. .


3, performance limits. CF cards are generally working temperature 0-40 degrees Celsius. So 0 ° environment, basic digital camera can be said to "waste". Even professional machine. While the military's ability to reach the CF card cold-40 degrees Celsius, but when popular, when prices fall to ordinary people can bear is still unknown.


The world's largest capacity CF card type has up to 640M. General market, commonly 8MB, 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, 256MB, etc. Some (128MB or more for the Ⅱ type). .


SM card:.


SM (Smart Media) card is a Toshiba released in November 1995 the Flash Memory Cunzhu Ka, Samsung purchased in 1996, the production and sale of licenses, the two companies become a major manufacturer SM card.In order to promote the SmartMedia become the industry standard, April 1996 established SSFDC Forum (SSFDC i.e. Solid State Floppy Disk Card at the beginning, in fact, most are called SmartMedia SSFDC, June 1996, SmartMedia, and changed its name to become a registered trademark of Toshiba Corporation). SSFDC Forum has over 150 members, including many large manufacturers such as Sony, Sharp, JVC, Philips, NEC, SanDisk and other manufacturers. SmartMedia card is also a common market, the micro Cunzhu Ka, once in the MP3 player is very popular. .


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SM card size of 37mm × 45mm × 0. .76 Mm (Figure 1), SM card itself because there is no control circuit, and by the plastic (is divided into many thin slices), SM cards are small in size so very thin, in the year 2002 which is widely used in digital products, such as old Olympus digital camera models as well as the old Fuji digital camera memory card use more SM. However, SM card control circuit which is integrated in the digital products (such as digital cameras), which makes digital camera compatibility susceptible. .


Currently new digital cameras have not adopted the SM card products.


SD card:. .


SD card (Secure Digital Memory Card) is a Flash based on semiconductor generation memory device. SD card by Japan Panasonic, Toshiba and SanDisk Corporation in the United States in August 1999 and development together. Size as a stamp of SD memory card, the weight is only 2 g, but it has a high memory capacity, fast data transfer rates, great flexibility and good security.


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SD card 2.24mm×32mm× .1mm's volume is a combination of SanDisk Flash memory card control and MLC (Multilevel Cell) technology and Toshiba (Toshiba) 0. .16u and 0. .13u of NAND technology, through the 9-pin interface and special drives are connected, do not need an additional power to maintain its information on memory. And it is the integration of solid media, without any moving parts, so there is no need to worry about any mechanical damage.


SD card, digital file transfer structure to ensure the security, is also very easy to reformat, it has a wide range of applications, music, movies, news and other multimedia files can be easily saved to the SD card. So many digital cameras have begun to support the SD card. .


Many card companies have developed SD card, Panasonic is currently the most important SD card manufacturer, 2000 when the SD card capacity have been divided from 64MB 8MB to 4 different levels to meet the needs of different occasions, the data transfer rate is 2 MB/s. To the end of 2001 single card capacity is up to 512 MB, the data transfer rate is also upgraded to 10MB/s. Panasonic plans to introduce capacity reaches 2003 1GB data rates of 20/s high-performance storage cards, 2005 capacity is expected to reach 4GB. It seems another way of SD card in digital camera storage media is expected to open the other side one day. .


Memory stick:.


Sony has always been a loner character created the birth of memory stick. This gum-based storage devices Sony almost all common audio and video products. Memory Stick (Memory Stick) thin, light and has a comprehensive variety of features. Its high compatibility and unprecedented "universal storage media" (Universal Media) concept, for future high-tech personal computer, TV, telephone, digital cameras, camcorders and portable personal audio-visual equipment to provide a new generation of faster, larger capacity digital information storage and exchange media. .


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In addition to small size, has high stability and copyright protection, and easy to use products in a variety of memory sticks, etc., the Memory Stick is Sony has the advantage of the substantial use of the technology products, such as DV cameras, digital cameras, VAIO personal computers, color printers, Walkman, IC recorders, LCD TV, and PC card converter, 3. .5-Inch floppy disk converter, parallel export converter and USB reader full line of accessories such as memory sticks can be made easily with the PC and Mac connectivity. .


Memory stick, Samsung, Aiwa, Sanyo, Casio, Fujitsu, Olympus, sharp, and a series of companies have expressed support for this format. Sony Corporation is currently seeking home electronics and IT industries on the memory stick format. Sony will bring more representative of the memory stick is the latest development of products to the domestic market.


One disadvantage of Memory Stick can only be used in Sony digital cameras, and second, the capacity is still not big enough. .


Miniature hard drive:.


MICRoDRIVE IBM, the U.S. launched a large-capacity storage media, micro hard drive called the Chinese name. Because the lack of high-capacity digital camera storage media, once hindered the development of digital cameras, IBM Corporation saw the market gap in this area, combined with their own advantages in the manufacture of hard disk, decisively launched with CF card interface, the same type Ⅱ miniature hard drive, just launch it up to capacity 340MB, after a year of development, the capacity has reached 1G, make AVI format digital camera to capture video without re-use when seconds counted.Of course, the current prices it is relatively expensive, but the price per MB, it is not as simple as SM cards, CF cards and memory stick is sure. Another theory, as long as CF type II digital camera interface also supports micro hard disk, but in reality some models such as Epson PC-3000 though ⅱ type interface, but does not support the micro hard drive. Currently supports micro hard drives have a Casio digital camera, Canon PoWERShot S20 QV3000EX, G1, etc..


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MMC card:.


MMC (MultiMediaCard, multimedia memory card) from SanDisk and Siemens company launched in 1997, and compared to the traditional removable storage cards, the most obvious external feature is even more miniature size - only the size of an ordinary stamp (a CF card size 1 / 5 or so), the external dimensions only 32mm × 24mm × 1. .4 Mm, while the weight of not more than 2g. Making it the world's smallest removable storage card semiconductors, which increasingly seeking for various types of portable handheld devices form a strong support. .


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MMC is targeting early in the design of mobile phones and pagers market, after the unique advantages of its small size and rapid was the introduction of more applications, such as digital cameras, PDA, MP3 players, notebook computers, portable game consoles, digital cameras and even hand-held GPS, etc.. .


In addition, lower operating voltage, driving voltage is 2.7-3. .6V. MMC, SM than CF and on the generation of more energy, the current common capacity for 64MB/128MB, ATP Electrionics company has pioneered 1 GB high-capacity MMC card.


What is the equivalent sensitivity. .


In a traditional film camera ISO standard on behalf of speed, as defined in the digital camera and film the same ISO, represents CCD or CMOS sensor components for speed, the higher the ISO value indicates the capacity of photosensitive photographic materials. ISO uses the formula S = 0. .8/ H (H, S-tone as the exposure). From the formula we can see that the higher the speed, the requirements of the exposure. The film's light-sensitive ISO 200 ISO 100 is twice the speed, in other words in the other conditions being equal, ISO 200 film, exposure time required for half the film is ISO 100. In the digital camera, the equivalent sensitivity by adjusting the size, can change how much light and image brightness values. Therefore, the sensitivity has become an indirect control of image brightness values. .


In traditional 135 film camera, the camera photographic equivalent value is negative reaction to the light sensitivity of measurement values, typically represented in ISO digital, digital, the greater the sense of rotation is expressed, the common representation is ISO 100, 400, 1000, and so on, generally speaking, the higher the speed, the more coarse particles of film, enlarged, and digital camera as well as the ISO values to indicate metering system used by the exposure, the lower the base ISO, the higher the required exposure.


Traditional camera itself is no sensitivity at all, because the sensitivity is only sensitive material in a certain exposure, development, testing conditions, the radiation level of quantitative indicators, sensors. Used the traditional camera, knows the most important indicator of the film is popular point is the measure of sensitivity --- how much light the film needs to complete and accurate exposure values. We are in the camera store to buy the 100,200,400 of the film, the number that is sensitivity.Sensitivity ISO value for general use, this number increases, the film's sensitivity to light, and also so that it can be in a different light to shoot. Like most suitable ISO100 film in sunny outdoor shooting, ISO400 film you can indoors or in the morning, dusk, low light situations.


However, because different cameras and ordinary camera, he's light-sensitive device is the use of the CCD or CMOS, also a corresponding number on the exposure required, thus there is a question of whether exposure sensitivity. That's the equivalent film has a certain sensitivity, as manufacturers of digital cameras, digital camera users to facilitate understanding, the general will of the CCD camera's sensitivity (or sensitivity to light) into the equivalent value of conventional film's sensitivity thus digital cameras and will have a "considerable sensitivity" view. .


Often measured the level of film sensitivity perspective, the current digital camera speed distribution in the range in speed, lowest to highest ISO50, ISO6400, mostly in the ISO100. On some digital cameras, speed is a single, combined with the CCD sensor tolerance is small, thus limiting their light too strong or too weak condition effect during using. Other digital camera Xiangdang sensitivity You must Di Fan Wei, but even 所 允许 within the sphere Ganguang Duo set too high or low shooting Xiaoguoyiyou the Qubie, it should normally take place the best sensitivity Shang Zhe Yi stall. And traditional cameras, the low ISO values is suitable to create a clear, soft pictures, and high ISO values but can compensate for insufficient lighting environment. .


The light is low, the use of Flash was inevitable. However, in some occasions, such as galleries or show, not allowed or inconvenient to use Flash, you can increase the ISO value to the brightness of the photo. ISO values of the adjustable digital camera that we sometimes only available through increased ISO value, exposure compensation, increase, decrease in Flash. To increase the ISO value can increase the brightness, but it also may increase the picture noise.


From the next chart shows, ISO images of high value low values than the ISO image bright, but also easy to increase the noise. .


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Maximum image resolution.


Maximum resolution of the English name for Maximum Pixels, the so-called maximum resolution is the result obtained after interpolation. Interpolation by the digital camera in the internal DSP chip, the need to enlarge the image interpolation with the nearest neighbor method, linear interpolation calculation method, add the image to enlarge the image within the need to increase the pixel after. Interpolation, was not able to image quality and true photographic image of the image compared.In the market, there are some businesses will be marked "interpolated by the hardware up to XXX PIX", this is the same principle, but the image quality and speed to the maximum resolution photographs clarity as to the effective pixels. Maximum resolution, also directly refers to CCD / CMOS light-sensitive device resolution, a number of businesses in order to increase sales, only the advertised maximum resolution digital camera, digital camera, set the picture resolution, when really there shooting the highest pixel resolution rate picture, however, the user should clear it through the camera arrived at the value of the internal operation, and then print the picture when the impairment of their quality will be very obvious. So when buying a digital camera to see the effective pixels is the most important. .


In addition, the resolution will also have a direct and digital photo output, the following list provides users with a digital photo output and picture pixel.


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The optical viewfinder.


Viewfinder can be divided into optical viewfinder and electronic viewfinder. Optical viewfinder, the name suggests is through the optical components to complete the framing work. According to the different working principle, is divided into adjacent shaft and two coaxial single lens reflex. .


In the consumer-level digital cameras, paraxial-viewfinder are most common, the viewfinder is a simple way to put it plainly, is in a hole on top of the camera, front and rear glass, so that the photographer can see through this hole to shoot for. Although the paraxial-viewfinder is not so simple, there are zoom in glass, focus guides and other functions, but the overall structure is very simple. It is precisely because of the structure is simple, so costs are relatively low, and therefore is significant for low-end digital cameras. But next to the viewfinder shaft has its shortcomings, because it is not directly through the lens viewfinder, so photographers can see from the viewfinder image and the ultimate photo image will be a degree of bias, in the shooting near objects especially, is not conducive to the photographer on photo composition and framing. .


SLR-like structure is complex, and therefore the manufacturing cost is relatively high, generally is used in high-end products, also is known as a digital single lens reflex (DSLR). SLR-viewfinder is directly through the camera lens, the light from the camera into a mirror, through to the top of the refraction achieved imaging, and refraction to eyepiece so that the photographer will be able to see from the viewing box to capture the image, because it is directly through the camera's viewfinder that solves the problem of image deviation "that you see is what you get" effect. Three-day holiday plan is to learn 6sigma, learn minitab's. Oh, the results do not go shopping today, and punishment can be exhausted me ah first time made it difficult to wear these shoes out every step of the table is the last heart in it hurt. Go to home from less than 4 hours too suffering the. This is a program you do not do the punishment, I admitted the mistake was. Oh this week to learn and to do my research. .


There is also a one-day small crab killed off sore.


1, introduced her to new friends when you around her waist, instead of standing around pointing hand. . .


2, in the street to meet beautiful women and stare at the time of not more than five seconds to see the same girls accumulated may not exceed 5 times.


3, listen to his wife if the man would amount to anything, so you have to obediently listen to her. . .


4, she can humiliate you, but you must not bully her because she though humiliate you, but every time there is a good guy, she first thought you!.


5, If she cried at you, you have to patiently coax her until she breaks through his tears! . .


6, her photo posts to the wallet, cell phone ... all frequently see. ..


7, left her absolutely no more than 10 days or more. .


8, in front of her friend, I hope you can show more than usual and nervous she adores her. 9. man does not represent a domineering...


10, gentle does not mean not assertive. . .


11 easy does not mean that no. ..


12, never in public on her left whistling or leaving her alone. . .


13, she did the wrong thing when she never mind the lessons, the most important thing is that after that to soothe her. ..


14, angry Do not ignore her, do not give time to calm her, but she really does not need time to cool completely. . .


15, you can stay with your friends, but be sure to zhongseqingyou...


16, at her like you, the race against time to find the time and date her. .


17, see her eyes unparalleled focus...


18, tone of voice Song of length. . .


19, girl talk to you, you want to hold her hand, if she was not, then I ask you to join them...


20, crossing the road, holding her hand. . .


21, to cherish and every minute.


22, even if no matter how busy daily did not forget to play a greeting call. . .


23, often singing love songs to her.


24, two people have the right to get angry, but not on the same day, if she was angry that day, you will not be angry. . .


25, she goes in life, you want to help, encouragement, and put forward constructive programme number.


26, to love your wife - her firm support for his wife's decision to obey the leadership of his wife. . .


27, should not believe her, you have to always believe her. Because she will be the same for you.


28, does not smoke. Once discovered, immediately dismissed. .


29, and her fight for each statement must not exceed 3 minutes (inclusive), the volume of not more than 20 DB (w).


30, to strengthen the training, a strong body, hold her breath to the fifth floor. .


31, she was awful, arrogant when, cuddle, rather than the theory with her. ..


32, wife is spoiled and not unreasonable act wildly. . .


33, to keep our room with flowers, and is often updated.


34, on time and come home to his wife to do delicious meals. .


35, after dinner with his wife's hand and go for a walk...


36, wife likes "Artistry" of cosmetics, I gave my wife a year to buy, to dress up his wife's. . .


37, try not to let his wife touched cold water because his wife's ill. ..


38, let his wife because he did wrong and angry. . .


39, one of our big house with a specialized study, there is a spacious terrace, balcony has a rocking chair and lounge chairs. A grape in a rocking chair on growth. At leisure, you can sit in a rocking chair to chat on...


40, the family has a professional sound, because we all love songs. . .


41, his wife was ill have to remind the wife on medication...


42, the wife wearing a new dress to buy when the can not turn a blind eye, and say very nice, very suitable for her. . .


43, to boil eggs, red sweet wife, for his monthly pain days...


44, holding his wife to sleep every night. .


45, winter with their own body temperature to warm wife cold hands and feet it. ..


46, each year, and his wife go out with travel arrangements. .


47, to discover the beauty of his wife. ".


48, his wife, said sincerely: "I love you!." . .


49, phone to always on, his wife found herself. at any time.


50, with the good news or bad news first to tell you. . .


51, every time a little after the first never deep Kiss UX..


52, lot with his wife took to the streets to buy his wife a favorite skirt. . .


53, rains took his wife's shoulder, umbrella.


54, do not mind to help his wife wash your hair. . .


55, brush your teeth with a wife when squeezing toothpaste...


56, learning all kinds of massage ways to massage my wife, in particular, often a foot massage. . .


57, remember my wife uncomfortable either for a few days, the wife of sanitary products bought in. ..


58, no close ties with the other woman and let the wife suspected. . .


59, ready to let my wife knows that he is. ..


60, respecting the privacy of his wife, does not restrict the freedom of his wife, believes his wife. . .


61, pumping time with his wife at her favorite soap opera...


62, no cheating wife, said things should be. . .


63, the world's only wife is one of the most beautiful of...


64, the evening and my wife said sweet words. . .


65, and his wife agreed time will not be late...


66, a little effort often surprise my wife. .


67, not angry, and his wife cannot quarrel.


68, often hug my wife, even in the street also. And his wife go out to his wife's hand holding. . .


69, and his wife see view from behind with UX..


70, after dinner I am washing dishes, mopping the floor, dirty labor can not let my wife dry. . .


71, wife and when you stand in the contend wife aside, if his wife is not privately then and his wife said...


72, the correct decision for the wife, the important thing, I am wife to rely on. . .


73, Fireworks for the wife to her ears...


74, and seriously listen to his wife speak. Before each call is linked to his wife, let my wife have a sense of loss, and I can not bear to hang his wife on the phone. . .


75, on the bus with his wife, the wife of. secretly.


76, plans for his wife's diet, nursed back to health good wife's body, leaving their wives more and more health. . .


77, his wife friends envy you have an excellent me take care of you...


78, where, when visiting friends and relatives packed the room clean and tidy. . .


79, meticulously to wife burn very nutritious soup and let the wife to drink more...


80, pick a good food to eat his wife. . .


81, and his wife go out together when it is necessary to pay attention to your own image to be worthy of a beautiful wife.


82, always remember that March 8 is the day my wife met. . .


83, occasionally put flowers to my wife work. ..


84, often to photograph his wife, leaving pleasant memories of each. . .


85, remember my wife wishes you say, and you make it. ..


86, summer night to the wife points mosquito coils, mosquito bites to prevent his wife. . .


87, wife of decent stuff, when someone can be proud to say this is my gift to her. ..


88, with wife Chibian variety of food. . .


89, wife of a man in the outer lot several times reminded me. ..


90, and threw himself into his wife when kissing. . .


91, various communication and his wife, so as to avoid misunderstanding. his wife.


92, to the wife to the future, this life and the wife to live through. . .


93, wife for me to do things to be thankful for. ..


94, to keep motivated, to learn knowledge for our future efforts. . .


95, told my wife's family, I will take good care of her, so that they can rest assured...


96, thunder when holding his wife said: Do not worry, there I am. . .


97, when the wife took the bones out. ..


98, loves his wife a long time, long time love my wife! Sigma level. .


Six Sigma = .4 misses/3. millions of opportunities – means excellent management and strong competitiveness and loyal customers.


5 Sigma = 230 failures / million opportunities - excellent management, strong competitiveness and more loyal customers. .


4 Sigma = 6,210 misses/million opportunity-means better management and operational capabilities, satisfied customers.


3 sigma = 66,800 failures / million opportunities - means another ordinary management, lack of competitiveness. .


Two Sigma = 308,000 misses/million opportunities means that enterprise resources every day, one-third of the waste.


1 Sigma = 690,000 errors / million opportunities - the things wrong every day, two-thirds of enterprises can not survive. .


What is six sigma.


Six Sigma is a data-based, the pursuit of almost perfect quality management, through the elimination of variation and defects to achieve zero error rate. Six Sigma is defined as the chance in a million 3. .4 A chance of error, that the passing rate is 99. .99966%, While the cooperation rate is only three sigma 93. .32%. Six Sigma management approach focused on all the work as a process, using quantitative methods of analysis of factors affecting the quality process, to identify the most critical factor to be Gaijinconger achieve higher customer satisfaction.Six Sigma is in the mid-1990s began a comprehensive quality management methods evolved into a highly effective business process design, improvement and optimization technologies, and provides a series of equally applicable to the design, production and service tools for new product development and globalization, products, services and electronic commerce strategy go hand in hand, the pursuit of management excellence worldwide enterprise is the most important strategic initiatives. Its goals from the original pursuit 100, the error rate of 35%, has developed to pursue global industry .1 NO.. Made by businesses as the core competitiveness of enterprises is a key strategy to become the world's pursuit of management excellence in the core competitiveness of enterprises is a key strategy. .


The main principles of 6 Sigma.


The main principles of 6 Sigma (1). .


In the promotion of 6 Sigma, enterprise to truly be able to get great results, you must put the 6 Sigma as a management philosophy. This philosophy, there are six important keynote behind each theme has a lot of tools and methodologies to support.


6 Sigma's main principle (II). .


Sincere concern for customers.


6 Sigma to put the customer first. For example, departments or staff in measuring performance, it must stand on the customer perspective. First understand what the customer needs are and then address those needs to set business goals, measure performance. .


The main principles of 6 Sigma (3).


According to the information and facts management. .


In recent years, although little by little attention, but most enterprises are still based on the opinions and assumptions to make decisions. 6 Sigma's primary rules are clarified, to assess performance, what should be measured (measurement), and then use the information and analysis to understand company performance range target many gaps.


6 Sigma Principles (IV). .


To process-oriented.


Whether designing products, or improve customer satisfaction, six sigma process regarded as a vehicle to success, is to provide customer value and competitive advantage. .


The main principles of 6 Sigma (5).


Active Management. .


Enterprises must often take the initiative to do those companies often ignore the General things, such as setting ambitious goals, and continually review; setting clear priorities; emphasizes prevention instead of fire; often questioned why you want to do, "rather than saying that we are doing so. 」 。.


The main principles of 6 Sigma (6). .


Collaboration without boundaries.


Between various departments within the company to improve the company and suppliers, companies and partnerships between customer, can bring enormous business opportunities for enterprises. 6 Sigma emphasizes cooperation without boundaries, so that employees understand how their own direction with the organization, and measure business processes, between the activities of various departments, what relevance. ,. .


The main principles of 6 Sigma (7).


Pursuit of perfection, but tolerate failure. .


In the 6 Sigma enterprise, employees pursue one is able to provide better service and lower costs. The pursuit of sustainable enterprise is more perfect, but are also able to accept or deal with the occasional setbacks, learn from mistakes.


What is 6σ quality management. .


6 σ management method is a statistical assessment method, the core is the pursuit of zero defect production, guards against the product liability risk, reduce costs, improve productivity and market share, improving customer satisfaction and loyalty. 6 σ management is focused on products, services, quality and process improvement. "Σ" is the Greek letter, statistically used to mean standard deviation of values describing the populations of individuals from the mean value of the degree of deviation measured σ characterization of defects such as flats, millions of defects or errors in the probability of a higher value, σ, defects or errors. 6σ is a target, this level of quality means that all the processes and results, 99. .99966% No defects, that is, to do one million things, of which only 3. .4 Items is defective, it is almost reaching to most human beings can achieve perfection. 6σ management concern, particularly the enterprise market and customers for the value of core processes. Because the process capability to measure the post with σ, σ the larger the smaller the volatility of the process, the process of loss of the lowest cost, the shortest period of time, the ability to meet customer demands will be.6 σ theory that most enterprises in 3 σ σ ~ 4, that is to say between running every million mistake in 6210 ~ 66800, these defects require operators to sales in 15% ~ 30% of the funds for the repair or correction afterwards, but if you do, make up σ 6 funds will decrease to approximately 5% of sales.


In order to achieve 6σ, first of all to develop standards, keep track assessment in the management of operations and standard deviation, continuous improvement, ultimately 6σ. Now have to make every aspect of the formation of a continuous improvement process simple model: define, measure, analyze, improve, control. .


Six Sigma analysis process (DMAIC).


Six Sigma is a typical quantitative decision-making system, and method of Xiang Bi Chuan Tong, Tagengqiangtiao of data, emphasize the use of statistical tools and a variety of Ji Shu Qu Wen Ti of the essential rules of the discovery process, so from the fundamental Bu Xiaochuwenti. Once the process and quantify all the variables are prompted to compare and improve to become a matter of course. .


Based on a deep understanding of the nature of the process, Six Sigma "D-M-A-I-C" methodologies for process improvement. That is divided into five phases: definition (Define), measure (Measure), analytical (Analyze), better (Improve) and control (Control).


Definition (Define): defining the core processes and key customers, standing in the position of customers, identify the issues most important to them, that is the key to sort out the team charter, and core business processes. .


Measure (Measure): find out the key, for defects in the process, the establishment of measure basic steps. Staff must accept the probability and statistics based on training and statistical analysis software and survey analysis, etc. (To flexible and effective metrics for measuring and weighing of the existing systems and data, and understanding of the existing quality level).


Generally defined and measured together as the first phase, this phase requires the ability to define customer requirements and customer requirements into the technology and tools of Six Sigma projects to quantify the positive identification of customer requirements, and combined with the company's strategy to develop Six Sigma project and predict the benefits of technology. In addition, various types of measurement system analysis and process analytical technology is the bottom line will use a combination. .


Analysis (Analyze): explore the root cause of the error occurred. Use statistical analysis to detect potential variables affect results, identify defects occur in the most important root causes. The tool contains a number of statistical analysis tools, including correlation and regression analysis, variance analysis, hypothesis testing, various graphical analysis tools, etc..


Improvement (Improve): to find the best solution, and then develop action plans, implemented with certainty. This step is required to constantly test to see whether the program can they really improve results, reduce errors. .


Control (Control): to ensure the improvement of sustainability. Measure does not interrupt in order to prevent errors from occurring again. In the past many process improvement programmes, often overlooked control concepts, while in six sigma management, control, it has been instrumental in improving the quality and cost. Thus the main task of the control phase is on the first few stages the outcome remains to ensure that the process is no longer reply to improve State before.


Six Sigma goals. .


Six Sigma is a way to manage business and departmental systems. It puts the customer first, it is the use of the facts and data to drive better solution to the problem. Six Sigma projects mainly in three areas: a). improving customer satisfaction with b). shortening the cycle c reduction defect)..


Improvements in these areas usually means a significant savings in operational costs, increased opportunities to retain customers and build products and services of high-level reputation. .


Although Six Sigma business process are included in the measurement and analysis, but it is not only a quality programme, it is also a business scenario. To achieve the goal of Six Sigma is not only the needs of small, gradual improvement, but a breakthrough in various fields.


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